Economic fluctuations and educational inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina / Variaciones económicas y desigualdades educativas en la mortalidad prematura por enfermedad isquémica en Argentina / Flutuações econômicas e desigualdades educacionais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica na Argentina

Abstract: Although mortality from ischemic heart disease has declined over the past decades in Argentina, ischemic heart disease remains one of the most frequent causes of death. This study aimed to describe the role of individual and contextual factors on premature ischemic heart disease mortality and to analyze how educational differentials in premature ischemic heart disease mortality changed during economic fluctuations in two provinces of Argentina from 1990 to 2018. To test the relationship between individual (age, sex, and educational level) and contextual (urbanization, poverty, and macroeconomic variations) factors, a multilevel Poisson model was estimated. When controlling for the level of poverty at the departmental level, we observed inequalities in premature ischemic heart disease mortality according to the educational level of individuals, affecting population of low educational level. Moreover, economic expansion was related to an increase in ischemic heart disease mortality, however, expansion years were not associated with increasing educational inequalities in ischemic heart disease mortality. At the departmental level, we found no contextual association beween area-related socioeconomic level and the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality. Despite the continuing decline in ischemic heart disease mortality in Argentina, this study highlighted that social inequalities in mortality risk increased over time. Therefore, prevention policies should be more focused on populations of lower socioeconomic status in Argentina.

Resumen: Si bien la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica ha disminuido en las últimas décadas en Argentina, la cardiopatía isquémica sigue siendo una de las causas más frecuentes de muerte. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir el papel de los factores individuales y contextuales en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica y analizar cómo estos cambiaron las diferencias educativas en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica durante las variaciones económicas en dos provincias de Argentina durante el periodo 1990-2018. Para probar la relación entre los factores individuales (edad, género y nivel de educación) y contextuales (urbanización, pobreza y variaciones macroeconómicas), se estimó un modelo de Poisson multinivel. Controlando el nivel de pobreza en el ámbito departamental, se observaron desigualdades en la mortalidad prematura por cardiopatía isquémica según el nivel de educación de los individuos, lo que afecta a la población con bajo nivel de educación; la expansión económica se relacionó con el aumento de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica; sin embargo, el periodo de expansión no estuvo asociado a aumentos de las desigualdades educativas en la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica. En el ámbito departamental no se detectó asociación entre el nivel socioeconómico de la área y el riesgo de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica. A pesar de la disminución continua de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en Argentina, este estudio destaca que las desigualdades sociales con relación al riesgo de mortalidad tuvieron un aumento con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, las políticas de prevención deberán dirigirse más a las poblaciones de menor nivel socioeconómico en Argentina.

Resumo: Embora a mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração tenha diminuído nas últimas décadas na Argentina, a doença isquêmica do coração continua sendo uma das causas mais frequentes de morte. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever o papel de fatores individuais e contextuais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração e analisar como as diferenças educacionais na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração mudaram durante as flutuações econômicas em duas províncias da Argentina durante o período 1990-2018. Para testar a relação entre fatores individuais (idade, sexo e escolaridade) e contextuais (urbanização, pobreza e variações macroeconômicas), estimou-se um modelo de Poisson multinível. Controlando o nível de pobreza no nível departamental, observaram-se desigualdades na mortalidade prematura por doença isquêmica do coração de acordo com o nível educacional dos indivíduos, afetando a população de baixa escolaridade; a expansão econômica esteve relacionada ao aumento da mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração; no entanto, os anos de expansão não foram associados a aumentos nas desigualdades educacionais na mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração. No nível departamental, não foi detectada uma associação contextual entre nível socioeconômico da área e risco de mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração. Apesar do contínuo declínio da mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração na Argentina, este estudo destaca que as desigualdades sociais em relação ao risco de mortalidade aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Portanto, as políticas de prevenção devem ser mais focadas nas populações de menor nível socioeconômico na Argentina.

Financiamento da saúde e dependência fiscal dos municípios brasileiros entre 2004 e 2019 / Financing of health and the fiscal dependency of Brazilian municipalities between 2004 and 2019

Resumo Este artigo descreve a evolução do financiamento municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde, de 2004 a 2019, considerando receitas e despesas de fontes próprias e não-próprias, analisa a redistribuição fiscal, de acordo com o porte populacional e a renda média domiciliar, e compara essa evolução em dois períodos, caracterizados como de crescimento econômico (2004-2014) e de recessão (2015-2019). O estudo se baseou em dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde. Constatou-se crescimento real dos gastos municipais em saúde de 2004 a 2014 (156,3%), com queda entre 2014 e 2015, seguida de recuperação até 2019. Na recessão, detectou-se aumento global da dependência fiscal dos municípios, indicada pelo aumento de receitas não-próprias, mesmo com a diminuição da participação da União nas transferências. O crescimento das despesas próprias em saúde foi menor entre os municípios de menor renda domiciliar, enquanto para as despesas não-próprias foi maior nos municípios de menor porte populacional. Em suma, indica-se um processo de incremento dos gastos municipais em saúde, assim como o aumento da dependência fiscal para custeio da saúde, intensificado após a crise de 2015, que atingiu especialmente os municípios de pequeno porte e de menor renda domiciliar.

Abstract This article describes the evolution of municipal financing of the Unified Health System, from 2004 to 2019, considering revenues and expenses from own and non-own sources, analyzes fiscal redistribution, according to population size and average household income, and compares this evolution in two periods, characterized as economic growth (2004-2014) and recession (2015-2019). The study was based on data from the Information System on Public Health Budgets. There was real growth in municipal spending on health from 2004 to 2014 (156.3%), with a drop between 2014 and 2015, followed by a recovery between 2015 and 2019. During the recession period, there was an overall increase in the fiscal dependence of municipalities, indicated by the increase in non-own revenues, even with the decrease in the Federal Government participation in transfers. The growth of own health expenses was lower among municipalities with lower household income, while for non-own expenses it was higher in municipalities with a smaller population size. In short, the results indicate a process of increasing municipal spending on health, as well as the increased fiscal dependence of municipalities to fund health, intensified after the 2015 crisis, which especially affected small and lower income municipalities.

Impact of socioeconomic and health-related factors on consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain in 2006, 2011 and 2017 / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Complementary and alternative medicine use and type of use may be influenced by sociodemographic and economic determinants through which we could identify characteristics of patients with greater trend to use it. This paper aims to describe the changes in the consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain for three time points in order to discern changes in rate of consumption, associated factors and whether their use has been affected by a period of economic recession.@*METHODS@#This study utilized 2006, 2011 and 2017 cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged more than 15 years old and resident in Spain. Independent bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses for each of the 3 years studied were performed.@*RESULTS@#The rate of consumption of both homeopathic and natural remedies has decreased over the periods studied. In spite of this decrease, the consumer profile appears to remain stable over the three periods. The sociodemographic factors associated with their consumption were being female, being 30-64 years old, being separated/divorced, having higher education qualifications, being employed and belonging to a higher social class. Psychiatric morbidity, chronic health problems such as pain, mental health problems or malignant tumors, and absence of major cardiovascular events were the clinical factors associated.@*CONCLUSION@#It can be concluded that beyond the economic situation, the use of homeopathic and natural remedies obeys to the needs of the patients related to their state of health and the response they receive from the health system. It may be that women have different needs and expectations of the healthcare system and, given this breach of expectations, seek remedy to alleviate their needs outside the system and conventional medicine.

Crise econômica e disparidades no gasto, oferta e utilização de serviços públicos e privados de saúde no Brasil no período entre 2011 e 2019 / Economic crisis and disparities in spending, supply, and use of public and private health services in Brazil from 2011 to 2019 / Crisis económica y disparidades en el gasto, oferta y uso de los servicios de salud públicos y privados en Brasil en el período 2011-2019

Buscou-se analisar as repercussões da crise econômica sobre os setores público e privado do sistema de saúde brasileiro e realizar uma análise de tendência de indicadores econômicos e assistenciais, elaborados a partir de dados secundários de fontes públicas oficiais, relacionados ao gasto, ao desempenho econômico de planos e seguros de saúde, à oferta e utilização de serviços. Os resultados demonstraram estagnação do gasto público em saúde, redução do gasto público per capita e do acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde. Contrariamente, em um contexto de queda da renda e do emprego, os planos de saúde mantiveram clientes, ampliaram as receitas, os lucros e a produção assistencial. O desempenho positivo das empresas, antes e a partir da crise, pode ser explicado pela tendência de manutenção de subsídios públicos para o setor privado e pelas estratégias empresariais financeirizadas. Conclui-se que a atuação do Estado brasileiro durante a crise aprofundou a restrição de recursos ao setor público e favoreceu a expansão dos serviços privados, o que contribuiu para aumentar a discrepância no acesso a serviços públicos e privados de saúde no país.

This study sought to analyze the repercussions of the economic crisis on the public and private sectors of the Brazilian health system and perform a trend analysis of economic and care indicators, based on secondary data from official public sources related to spending, the economic performance of health plans and insurance, and the supply and use of services. The results showed stagnation of public spending on health, as well as reduction of per capita public spending and of access to public health services. On the contrary, in a context of falling income and employment, health plans retained customers, increased revenues, profits, and their care production. The positive performance of companies, before and after the crisis, can be explained by the trend of maintaining public subsidies for the private sector and by financialized business strategies. We conclude that the actions of the Brazilian government during the crisis deepened the restriction of resources to the public sector and favored the expansion of private services, which thus contributed to increase the discrepancy in access to public and private health services in the country.

Se pretende analizar las repercusiones de la crisis económica en los sectores público y privado del sistema de salud brasileño y realizar un análisis de tendencia de los indicadores económicos y asistenciales, con base en datos secundarios de fuentes públicas oficiales relacionados con el gasto, el desempeño económico de los planes y seguros de salud, a la oferta y uso de servicios. Los resultados mostraron estancamiento del gasto público en salud, reducción del gasto público per cápita y del acceso a los servicios públicos de salud. Por el contrario, en un contexto de descenso de ingresos y de empleo, los seguros médicos mantuvieron sus clientes, aumentaron los ingresos, las ganancias y la producción asistencial. El buen desempeño de las empresas antes y después de la crisis se debe a la tendencia a mantener los subsidios públicos en el sector privado y a las estrategias empresariales financiarizadas. Se concluye que las acciones del Estado brasileño durante la crisis profundizaron la restricción de recursos al sector público y favorecieron la expansión de los servicios privados, lo que contribuyó a aumentar la discrepancia en el acceso a los servicios de salud públicos y privados en el país.

Effects of the economic recession on suicide mortality in Brazil: interrupted time series analysis / Efectos de la recesión económica en la mortalidad por suicidio en Brasil: análisis de series de tiempo interrumpido / Efeitos da recessão econômica na mortalidade por suicídio no Brasil: análise com séries temporais interrompidas

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze trends in suicide rates in Brazil in the period before and after the start of the economic recession. Methods: interrupted time series research using national suicide data recorded in the period between 2012 and 2017 with socioeconomic subgroups analyses. Quasi-Poisson regression model was employed to analyze trends in seasonally adjusted data. Results: there was an abrupt increase in the risk of suicide after economic recession in the population with less education (12.5%; RR = 1.125; 95%CI: 1.027; 1.232) and in the South Region (17.7%; 1.044; 1.328). After an abrupt reduction, there was a progressive increase in risk for the black and brown population and for those with higher education. In most other population strata, there was a progressive increase in the risk of suicide. Conclusions: the Brazilian economic recession caused different effects on suicide rates, considering social strata, which requires health strategies and policies that are sensitive to the most vulnerable populations.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar tendencias de tasas de suicidio en Brasil, antes y después del inicio de la recesión económica. Métodos: estudio de series de tiempo interrumpido utilizando datos nacionales de suicidio registrados entre 2012 y 2017 con análisis por subgrupos socioeconómicos. Modelo de regresión quasi-Poisson empleado para analizar tendencias de datos ajustados estacionalmente. Resultados: observado aumento abrupto en el riesgo de suicidio pos recesión económica en la población con menor escolaridad (12,5%; RR = 1,125; IC95%:1,027; 1,232) y en la Región Sur (17,7%; 1,044; 1,328). Pos reducción abrupta, ocurrió aumento progresivo en el riesgo para la población de negros y pardos y de mayor escolaridad. En la mayoría de los demás estratos poblacionales, verificado aumento progresivo en el riesgo de suicidio. Conclusiones: la recesión económica brasileña produzco efectos diferentes en las tasas de suicidio, considerando los estratos sociales, lo que demanda estrategias de salud y políticas sensibles a poblaciones más vulnerables.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as tendências nas taxas de suicídio no Brasil, no período antes e depois do início da recessão econômica. Métodos: estudo de séries temporais interrompidas utilizando dados nacionais de suicídio registrados no período entre 2012 e 2017 com análises por subgrupos socioeconômicos. Modelo de regressão quasi-Poisson foi empregado para analisar as tendências dos dados ajustados sazonalmente. Resultados: observou-se aumento abrupto no risco de suicídio após recessão econômica na população com menor escolaridade (12,5%; RR = 1,125; IC95%:1,027; 1,232) e na Região Sul (17,7%; 1,044; 1,328). Após redução abrupta, ocorreu aumento progressivo no risco para a população de pretos e pardos e na de maior escolaridade. Na maioria dos demais estratos populacionais, verificou-se aumento progressivo no risco de suicídio. Conclusões: a recessão econômica brasileira produziu efeitos diferentes nas taxas de suicídio, considerando os estratos sociais, o que demanda estratégias de saúde e políticas sensíveis às populações mais vulneráveis.

Economic hardships during pandemics and its impact on mental health: a narrative review with special focus on the COVID-19 pandemic

Economic crisis during pandemics has an obviously significant impact on the mental health of people. The uncertainty of economic conditions leaves people uncertain about their future, and, would trigger mental health conditions like stress, depression, anxiety, substance use, and also, re-emergence of pre-existing mental health issues. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created job losses in various sectors and, the rise in unemployment will be an unavoidable consequence. Literature has pointed out to the causal relationship between unemployment and depression. Suicidal behaviour during the economic crisis is a significant psychological issue. Poor financial conditions could also affect children’s mental health due to disruption in the availability of nutrition and essential commodities, mental health issues in parents, and poor quality of parenting. The increase in alcohol consumption and the grey-market of alcohol noted in the time of COVID-19 pandemic are of utmost concern. Active labour market programmes are the need of the hour due to the rising unemployment rate. Family support programmes and debt relief programmes could help vulnerable families, and, prevent mental health issues in vulnerable groups, including the child and adolescent age groups. Strict control over the grey-market of alcohol, and, an increase in alcohol prices via government agencies would help prevent alcohol-related problems which are indirectly related to economic burden. Teleconsultation services would further help to manage those affected by the economic crisis and psychological issues.

Monitoramento e projeções das metas de fatores de risco e proteção para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis nas capitais brasileiras / Monitoring and projection of targets for risk and protection factors for coping with noncommunicable diseases in Brazilian capitals

Resumo Monitorar as tendências e as projeções das metas de fatores de risco e proteção para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis nas capitais brasileiras e verificar se a crise econômica e as políticas de austeridade interferiram no comportamento dessas metas. Estudo de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico. Foram analisadas as tendências das prevalências de fumantes, obesidade, prática de atividade física, consumo de frutas e hortaliças e de bebidas alcoólicas, e suas projeções até 2025. Empregou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. Utilizou-se a Série Temporal Interrompida de 2006 a 2014 e 2015 a 2019. Entre 2006 e 2014, houve redução de fumantes e aumento da obesidade, do consumo de frutas e hortaliças, de atividade física e do uso de álcool. A maioria dos indicadores demonstrou pior desempenho a partir de 2015. Pelas projeções, as metas de deter a obesidade e reduzir o uso de álcool não seriam atingidas. Houve mudanças no comportamento dos indicadores, o que reforça a importância do monitoramento contínuo, e da sustentabilidade das ações, políticas e programas de promoção a saúde e de controle dessas doenças e seus fatores de risco.

Abstract This study aimed to monitor the trends and projections of targets of risk and protection factors for coping with noncommunicable diseases in Brazilian capitals and verify whether the economic crisis and austerity policies have interfered with these targets' behavior. This is a time-series study with data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. We analyzed the trends in the prevalence of tobacco use, obesity, physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, and alcohol abuse, and their projections until 2025. The Prais-Winsten regression was employed. We adopted the Interrupted Time-Series, considering the 2006-2014 and 2015-2019 periods. A reduction in tobacco use, increase in obesity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, physical activity, and alcohol use was observed between 2006 and 2014. Most indicators have shown worse performance since 2015. Projections foresee that targets for curbing obesity and alcohol abuse will not be achieved. Some changes were identified in the indicators profiles, reinforcing the importance of the continuous monitoring and sustainability of actions, policies, and programs to promote health and control these diseases and their risk factors.

A pandemia de Covid-19 e seus entrelaçamentos com desigualdade de gênero, insegurança alimentar e apoio social na América Latina / The Covid-19 pandemic and its linkages with gender inequality, food insecurity and social support in Latin America / La pandemia de Covid-19 y sus entrelazamientos con la desigualdad de género, la inseguridad alimentaria y el apoyo social en América Latina

Enquanto crises econômicas desencadeiam o aumento da insegurança alimentar (IA) e da desigualdade de gênero (DG), o apoio social tem mostrado aliviar esses impactos. No entanto, diferentemente de outros choques econômicos, a pandemia de Covid-19 incluiu no cenário de crise o isolamento social. Este estudo utilizou dados de pesquisa transversal coletados em 18 países da América Latina (AL) para avaliar as mudanças nas percepções de DG e sua associação com a IA e o apoio social durante período de crise econômica na região. Os resultados mostraram aumentos graduais nas percepções de DG na AL e que os entrevistados com IA e baixo apoio social eram os mais propensos a perceber a DG. Mulheres são mais vulneráveis à IA e à violência doméstica, e o isolamento social pode ser um agravante. Políticas públicas devem garantir que mulheres tenham maior controle sobre a renda e bens produtivos. (AU)

Social support has been shown to mitigate increased food insecurity (FI) and gender inequality (GI) triggered by economic crises. However, unlike other shocks to the economy, the crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic included social isolation. This study used data from a cross-sectional study collected in 18 countries in Latin America to evaluate changes in perceptions of GI and its association with FI and social support in the region during the economic crisis. The findings show a gradual increase in perceptions of GI in FI and that interviewees suffering from FI and low levels of social support were more likely to perceive GI. Women are more vulnerable to FI and domestic violence, and social isolation may be an aggravating factor. Public policy should ensure that women have greater control over income and productive assets. (AU)

Mientras que las crisis económicas desencadenan el aumento de la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) y la desigualdad de género (DG), el apoyo social muestra un alivio de esos impactos. Sin embargo, diferentemente de otros impactos económicos, la pandemia de Covid-19 incluyó en el escenario de crisis el aislamiento social. Este estudio utilizó datos de investigación transversal colectados en 18 países de AL, para evaluar los cambios en las percepciones de la DG y su asociación con la IA y el apoyo social durante el período de crisis económica en la región. Los resultados mostraron aumentos graduales en las percepciones de la DG en AL y que los entrevistados con IA y bajo apoyo social eran los más propensos a percibir la DG. Las mujeres son más vulnerables a la IA y a la violencia doméstica y el aislamiento social puede ser un agravante. Las políticas públicas deben asegurar que las mujeres tengan mayor control sobre los ingresos y los bienes productivos. (AU)

Economic crises, behavioral changes and hospitalization due to affective disorders in Brazil between 2003 and 2017: a nationwide cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Our aim was to analyze hospitalization due to affective disorders in Brazil from 2003 to 2017 and the possible association with economic indicators during crises. We used data on hospitalizations due to affective disorders within the Brazilian National Health System, obtained from DATASUS; data on health-related behavior (television-viewing and physical activity) from the VIGITEL database; and economic data from the World Bank database. We found that the numbers of hospitalizations increased one year after the 2009 crisis and one year after the 2016 crisis. Negative changes in health-related behavior also followed changes in the numbers of hospitalizations due to affective disorders.

Fiscal austerity and the health sector: the cost of adjustments / Austeridade fiscal e o setor saúde: o preço do ajuste

Abstract Fiscal austerity policies have been used as responses to economic crises and fiscal deficits in both developed and developing countries. While they vary in regard to their content, intensity and implementation, such models recommend reducing public expenses and social investments, retracting the public service and substituting the private sector in lieu of the State to provide certain services tied to social policies. The present article discusses the main effects of the recent economic crisis on public health based on an updated review with consideration for three dimensions: health risks, epidemiological profiles of different populations, and health policies. In Brazil, the combination of economic crisis and fiscal austerity policies is capable of producing a direr situation than those experienced in developed countries. The country is characterized by historically high levels of social inequality, an under-financed health sector, highly prevalent chronic degenerative diseases and persisting preventable infectious diseases. It is imperative to develop alternatives to mitigate the effects of the economic crisis taking into consideration not only the sustainability of public finance but also public well-being.

Resumo Políticas de austeridade fiscal têm sido utilizadas como respostas à crise econômica e deficit fiscal tanto em países desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. Embora variem quanto ao conteúdo, intensidade e cronograma de implementação, tais modelos preconizam a redução do gasto público, promovendo também a diminuição do investimento social, a retração da máquina pública e a substituição do Estado pelo setor privado na provisão de determinados serviços vinculados a políticas sociais. Este artigo debate os principais efeitos da crise econômica recente sobre a saúde da população, tendo sido baseado em uma revisão atualizada, considerando-se três dimensões: riscos à saúde, perfil epidemiológico das populações e políticas de saúde. A crise econômica no Brasil, combinada com a política de austeridade fiscal, pode produzir um contexto mais grave do que o vivenciado pelos países desenvolvidos. O país apresenta altos níveis históricos de desigualdade social, subfinanciamento do setor saúde, alta prevalência de doenças crônico-degenerativas e persistência de doenças infeciosas evitáveis. É imperativo que se construam alternativas para se mitigar os efeitos da crise econômica, levando-se em conta não apenas a sustentabilidade das finanças públicas, mas também o bem-estar da população.

Implantação do Programa Seguro-Emprego e saúde dos trabalhadores na indústria automobilística / Employment-Insurance Program implantation and workers' health at automotive industry

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a implantação do Programa Seguro-Emprego (PSE) em relação à saúde dos trabalhadores nas montadoras de autoveículos do ABC. A metodologia incluiu pesquisa documental em acordos coletivos de trabalho, legislação, documentos de entidades sindicais e empresariais. Em 2015, o PSE foi lançado pelo governo como resposta à crise econômica, permitindo redução de até 30% da jornada de trabalho e de salário. Apesar dos questionamentos de grupos sindicais e da resistência operária nas montadoras, a maioria do sindicalismo apoiou a implantação do Programa. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram o PSE como parte de um novo ciclo de expansão e transformações produtivas na indústria automobilística, ampliando e aprofundando a intensificação do trabalho como forma de geração do desgaste operário. O PSE participa da estratégia empresarial para manter o emprego mais produtivo, selecionando os operários que se manterão no emprego e excluindo trabalhadores considerados de 'baixo desempenho' e os 'compatíveis' (com redução da capacidade laboral). A inclusão do Programa na reforma trabalhista torna-o alternativa permanente para utilização pelas empresas. Portanto, trata-se de tema relevante para as pesquisas e ações em saúde coletiva e saúde do trabalhador.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to analyze the implementation of the Employment-Insurance Program (PSE) in relation to the workers' health in the ABC automotive industry. The methodology included documentary research in collective labor agreements, legislation, union and corporate documents. In 2015, the PSE was launched by the government as a response to the economic crisis, allowing up to 30% reduction in working hours and wages. Despite questions from trade union groups and workers' resistance at the automakers, most unionism supported the implementation of the Program. The survey results pointed to the PSE as part of a new cycle of expansion and productive transformations in the automobile industry, expanding and deepening the intensification of work as a way of generating worker wear. PSE participates in the business strategy to maintain more productive employment by selecting workers who will remain in employment and excluding 'low performers' and 'compatible' workers (with reduced work capacity). The inclusion of the Program in labor reform makes it a permanent alternative for use by companies. Therefore, it is a relevant theme for research and actions in collective health and worker's health.

El efecto de la crisis económica sobre la salud en España según el nivel educativo y la relación con la actividad: ¿importa también la duración de la crisis? / The effect of the economic crisis on health in Spain according to educational level and employment status: Does the duration of the crisis also matter?

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo es explorar el posible efecto que la crisis económica ha tenido sobre la salud de la población nacida en España en edad adulta previa a la jubilación (entre 30 y 59 años). Específicamente, a partir de los datos de la European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) para los años 2006, 2010 y 2014 analizamos diferencias en la salud autopercibida según su perfil socioeconómico y la posición que ocupan en el hogar. Nuestros resultados muestran que la salud de los hombres y las mujeres tienen niveles de asociación similares con ciertos factores (por ejemplo, nivel educativo) y diferenciados con otros (la salud de la mujer es ligeramente más sensible al nivel de los ingresos del hogar, mientras la salud de los hombres a su propio estado de empleo). Finalmente, mientras que en el primer periodo se observan mejoras sustanciales en la salud autopercibida en casi todos los grupos socioeconómicos, en el segundo periodo no hay casi ningún cambio e incluso, para algunos hombres con un perfil más desfavorecido (inactivos con educación baja), la salud empeoró.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to explore the possible impact of the economic crisis on the health of the Spanish-born population not of retirement age (between 30 and 59 years). Specifically, using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the years 2006, 2010 and 2014, we analyze differences in self-perceived health by socioeconomic profile and position occupied in the household. According to our results, the health of men and women show similar levels of association with certain factors (such as education) and different levels with others (women's health is more sensitive to household income level while men's is more sensitive to employment status). Finally, while substantial improvements in self-perceived health were observed during the first period in almost all socioeconomic groups, during the second period there was almost no change, and for the most disadvantaged men (inactive in the labor market and with low educational levels), health worsened.

Recesión económica (2006-2012) y cambios en el estado de salud de la población española / Economic recession (2006-2012) and changes in the health status of the Spanish population

Objetivo. Analizar la relación de los problemas de salud mental en población española con la recesión económica (2006-2012) y establecer en qué sentido afecta a la autopercepción del estado de salud. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal comparativo utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España, 2006/2007 y 2011/2012. Mediante modelos de regresión logística, se analizaron tres indicadores relacionados con la salud mental y la salud percibida. Resultados. En 2011/2012 aumentó el consumo de medicamentos ansiolíticos y somníferos en hombres y mujeres. La disfunción mental aumentó durante el periodo de crisis económica en la población de varones. La percepción de una salud óptima no sufrió cambios significativos en hombres ni en mujeres. Conclusiones. La recesión económica mostró una relación variable con la salud mental y general de la población, y coincidió con un aumento de los trastornos de salud mental, como la ansiedad.

Objective. To analyze the relationship of mental health problems in Spanish population with the economic recession (2006-2012), and find out how it affects the self-perception of health status. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study using the National Health Survey of Spain, 2006/2007 and 2011/2012. Using logistic regression models, three indicators linked to mental health and perceived health were analyzed. Results. In 2011/2012 the consumption of anti-anxiety medications and sleeping pills increased in men and women. Mental dysfunction increased during the economic crisis in the male population. The perception of optimal health did not suffer significantly in either men or women. Conclusions. The economic recession showed a changing relation to the mental and general health of the population, coinciding with an increase in mental health disorders, such as anxiety.

The importance of leadership and management skills in dental practices to attract and retain patients in periods of economic recession / La importancia de la gestión directiva y liderazgo en la práctica de la odontología para atraer y conservar pacientes en periodos de recesión económica

To test the hypothesis that leadership and management skills protect dental practices against the effects of an economic recession. Methods: This was a cross-sectional exploratory study. Dentists (n= 232)were randomly selected to participate in an online survey in which they were asked about their practice activity. Results: A total of 162 questionnaires were returned (response rate 70 percent). Results indicated that improved leadership and management skills are positively related to the probability that a practice remained stable or increased its productivity during the economic recession: OR=2.39 (95 percent CI; 1.08-5.3). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dental practices applying leadership and management skills are related to attract and retain patients, as measured by increased numbers of both initial consultations and continued patronage (return visits); and keep the economic crisis’ impact on revenue manageable...

Contrastar la hipótesis de que las habilidades en liderazgo y gestión directiva de los odontólogosproporcionan una ventaja comparativa en el manejo de la actividad profesional en periodos de recesión económica. Material y método: Estudio exploratorio de corte transversal. Utilizamos los datos procedentes de una encuesta sobre actividad en el consultorio realizada a 232 odontólogos seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 162 cuestionarios válidos (tasa derespuesta del 70 por ciento). Los resultados sugieren que la mejorade las habilidades de liderazgo y de gestión se relacionan positivamente con la probabilidad de aumentar o mantenerestable la facturación del consultorio en tiempos de recesión económica: OR=2.39 (IC del 95 por ciento, 1.08-5.3). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que las habilidadesde liderazgo y gestión aplicadas a la práctica de la odontología están relacionadas con la capacidad de atraernuevos pacientes y conservar los actuales, en términos tanto del número de primeras visitas como del retorno depacientes; lo que permite atenuar el impacto de la crisis sobre la facturación del consultorio...

Effects of the 2008 Global Economic Crisis on National Health Indicators: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: The relationship between economics and health has been of great interest throughout the years. The accumulated data is not sufficient enough to carry out long-term studies from the viewpoint of morbidity, although Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was carried out yearly since 1998 in Korea. Thus, we investigated the effect of the 2008 global economic crisis on health indicators of Korea. METHODS: Health indicators were selected by paired t-test based on 2007 and 2009 KNHANES data. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, exercise, education, income, working status, and stress were used as confounding factors, which were analyzed with logistic and probit analyses. Validation was done by comparing gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates and probit analyses results of 2007-2012 KNHANES data. RESULTS: Among several health indicators, the prevalence of hypertension and stress perception was higher after the economic crisis. Factors related with higher hypertension prevalence include older age, male gender, higher BMI, no current tobacco use, recent drinking, lower education levels, and stress perception. Factors related with more stress perception were younger age, female gender, current smoking, lower education levels, and lower income. GDP growth rates, a macroeconomic indicator, are inversely associated with hypertension prevalence with a one-year lag, and also inversely associated with stress perception without time lag. CONCLUSION: The economic crisis increased the prevalence of hypertension and stress perception. In the case of GDP growth rate change, hypertension was an inversely lagging indicator and stress perception was an inversely-related coincident indicator.

Juventud, políticas públicas y crisis en España: triángulo mágico o triángulo de las Bermudas? / Youth, public policies and crisis in Spain: magic triangle or Bermuda Triangle? / Juventude, políticas públicas e crise na Espanha: Triângulo mágico ou Triângulo das Bermudas?

En tiempos de crisis, las políticas de juventud están experimentando enormes recortes y transformaciones hasta el punto que hemos llegado a preguntarnos si realmente existen como políticas públicas con entidad propia. La situación en la que se encuentran muchos sujetos jóvenes en España les lleva a preguntarse dónde están las redes de protección tradicionales: la familia, las ONG’s o el Estado de Bienestar, cuando realmente se los necesita. Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es presentar y discutir la situación de las políticas de juventud en España en el contexto actual de austeridad y drásticos recortes sociales. Este análisis lo llevamos a cabo a partir de los parámetros del triángulo mágico que unen las políticas, la investigación y el trabajo social con jóvenes.

In times of crisis, the youth policies are experiencing enormous cutbacks and transformations to the point that we are wondering whether they really exist as public policies with their own entity. The situation in which many young people find themselves in Spain leads them to wonder where the traditional protection networks are: The family, the NGO’s or the Welfare State, when they are really needed. Our objective in this article is to show and discuss the situation of the youth policies in Spain in the present context of social austerity and drastic cutbacks. We carry out this analysis from the parameters of the magical triangle that unite policies, research and social work with young people.

Em tempos de crise, as políticas de juventude estão enfrentando enormes cortes e transformações ao ponto de nos perguntarmos se as políticas públicas existem realmente com entidade própria. A situação em que se encontram muitos jovens na Espanha faz que eles agora se perguntem onde estão as redes tradicionais de segurança: a família, as ONGs ou o estado do bemestar, quando você realmente precisa delas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir a situação na Espanha, em relação às políticas públicas para a juventude no contexto atual de austeridade e de cortes drásticos de bem-estar. Analisamos a situação dos jovens e das politicas de juventude na Espanha, através dos parâmetros do triângulo mágico ligando política, pesquisa e trabalho social com jovens.

La crisis y la salud en España y en Europa: ¿Está aumentando la mortalidad? / The economic crisis and health in Spain and Europe: Is mortality increasing?

En publicaciones recientes se ha sugerido que por efecto de la crisis económica la salud de la población se está deteriorando en Europa, lo que se manifestaría en aumentos de la mortalidad, particularmente en los países donde se están aplicando políticas de austeridad. Se ha sugerido también que, como consecuencia de esas políticas, los suicidios se han disparado y que la situación podría derivar en una catástrofe sanitaria como la que ocurrió en los antiguos países de la URSS durante los años noventa. Esas afirmaciones no tienen base en los datos disponibles. Las estadísticas indican que, en los países europeos en general y sobre todo en los más afectados por la crisis, las tasas de mortalidad general han disminuido y la salud de la población ha mejorado durante los años 2007-2010. Paradójicamente, la crisis ha tenido un efecto beneficioso para la salud en estos países. Esto supone una confirmación sustancial de investigaciones previas que han mostrado en diversos períodos y economías de mercado que las recesiones son favorables para la salud, mientras que los períodos de expansión económica son perjudiciales.

In recent publications it has been suggested that the health of the European population is deteriorating as a consequence of the economic crisis. Such deterioration would be manifested by an increase in mortality, particularly in those countries applying austerity measures. It has also been suggested that as a consequence of these policies, suicides have skyrocketed and the situation could become a public health catastrophe of the kind that occurred in the 1990s in the countries formerly part of the USSR. These affirmations have no basis in the existing data. Statistics indicate that in European countries in general and especially in those most affected by the crisis, general mortality has decreased and the health of the population has improved in 2007-2010. Paradoxically, the crisis has had a beneficial effect on health in these countries. Such findings are in substantial agreement with previous studies that have shown throughout various periods within market economies that recessions are favorable to health while periods of economic expansion are harmful.

Changing patterns of migration in Latin America: how can research develop intelligence for public health? / Cambios en los modelos de migración en América Latina: ¿cómo puede la investigación obtener información útil para la salud pública?

Migration patterns in Latin America have changed significantly in recent decades, particularly since the onset of global recession in 2007. These recent economic changes have highlighted and exacerbated the weakness of evidence from Latin America regarding migration-a crucial determinant of health. Migration patterns are constantly evolving in Latin America, but research on migration has not developed at the same speed. This article focuses on the need for better understanding of the living conditions and health of migrant populations in Latin America within the context of the recent global recession. The authors explain how new data on migrant well-being could be obtained through improved evidence from censuses and ongoing research surveys to 1) better inform policy-makers about the needs of migrant populations in Latin America and 2) help determine better ways of reaching undocumented immigrants. Longitudinal studies on immigrants in Latin America are essential for generating a better representation of migrant living conditions and health needs during the initial stages of immigration and over time. To help meet this need, the authors support the promotion of sustainable sources of data and evidence on the complex relationship between migration and health.

En los últimos decenios, los modelos de migración en América Latina han cambiado significativamente, en particular desde el inicio de la recesión mundial en el 2007. Estos recientes cambios económicos han acentuado y exacerbado la insuficiencia de datos probatorios existentes en América Latina con respecto a la migración, un determinante crucial de la salud. Los modelos de migración están evolucionando constantemente en América Latina, pero la investigación en materia de migración no ha evolucionado a la misma velocidad. Este artículo se centra en la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento de las condiciones de vida y salud de las poblaciones migrantes en América Latina en el contexto de la reciente recesión mundial. Los autores explican cómo se podrían obtener nuevos datos sobre el bienestar de los inmigrantes mediante un mayor aporte de datos probatorios de los censos y las encuestas de investigación en curso para 1) informar mejor a las instancias normativas acerca de las necesidades de las poblaciones migrantes en América Latina; y 2) ayudar a determinar las mejores estrategias para llegar a los inmigrantes indocumentados. Es esencial llevar a cabo estudios longitudinales sobre los inmigrantes en América Latina con objeto de formular una mejor descripción de sus condiciones de vida y sus necesidades de salud durante las etapas iniciales de la inmigración y con el transcurso del tiempo. Para satisfacer esta necesidad, los autores alientan la promoción de fuentes sostenibles de información y datos probatorios sobre la compleja relación entre migración y salud.

Investigating the Time Lag Effect between Economic Recession and Suicide Rates in Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry Workers in Korea

Previous studies on the vast increase in suicide mortality in Southeast Asia have indicated that suicide rates increase in parallel with a rise in unemployment or during periods of economic recession. This paper examines the effects of economic recession on suicidal rates amongst agriculture, fisheries, and forestry workers in Korea. Monthly time-series gross domestic product (GDP) data were linked with suicidal rates gathered from the cause of death records between1993-2008. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models to analyze trends, while a polynomial lag model was used to assess the unconstrained time lag effects of changes in GDP on suicidal rate. We found that there were significant inverse correlations between changes in GDP and suicide for a time lag of one to four months after the occurrence of economic event. Furthermore, it was evident that the overall relative risks of suicide were high enough to bring about social concern.

Investigating the Time Lag Effect between Economic Recession and Suicide Rates in Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry Workers in Korea

Previous studies on the vast increase in suicide mortality in Southeast Asia have indicated that suicide rates increase in parallel with a rise in unemployment or during periods of economic recession. This paper examines the effects of economic recession on suicidal rates amongst agriculture, fisheries, and forestry workers in Korea. Monthly time-series gross domestic product (GDP) data were linked with suicidal rates gathered from the cause of death records between1993-2008. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models to analyze trends, while a polynomial lag model was used to assess the unconstrained time lag effects of changes in GDP on suicidal rate. We found that there were significant inverse correlations between changes in GDP and suicide for a time lag of one to four months after the occurrence of economic event. Furthermore, it was evident that the overall relative risks of suicide were high enough to bring about social concern.